Media literacy and fact checking: part two
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.26577/HJ.2020.v55.i1.01Keywords:
media literacy, fact-checking, manipulation, propaganda, misinformation.Abstract
This is the second part of the author’s study from the Michigan State University, devoted to the problems of identification and description of the disinformation crisis in the media and social media. The modern media field is increasingly filled with false information. The term “fake news” today in- cludes a wide range of manipulative technologies: “computational propaganda”, “puppet networks”, “troll armies”, anonymous source, alternative fact, gossip, deceit, rumors, false context, etc. Problems are exacerbated at a high pace. The development of technological processes and the shift in global com- munication discourse to social networks and the Internet.
The purpose of the article is to study the history and evolution of the disinformation crisis, which is a serious threat to open societies around the world. The author proposes to activate critical thinking among young people, to teach the audience to intellectually recognize and process fake news, to understand the need for a critical and independent analysis of incoming news and background information.
The author also believes that media literacy helps to understand the role of the media in society, as well as the acquisition of important research and expression skills needed by the audience. Media literacy skills also include the ability to access media, analyze content, evaluate messages, and create media for communication and expression. Learning how to verify facts is an important component of media literacy training, a way to protect against manipulation and fake news.
References
Bahja, F. 2018. ‘Why Ethical Journalism Matters for Newsrooms and Their Audiences’.
International Center for Journalists. Available at https://ijnet.org/en/story/why-ethical-journalism-matters-newsrooms- and-their-audiences?utm_source=This+week+in+IJNet+-+English&utm_campaign=5342100825-EMAIL_ CAMPAIGN_2018_12_10_02_23&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_d71e0ded42-5342100825-15059405
Balgaonkar, & Jare, R. (2018). ‘Impact of Social Media on Civic Engagement of Youth’. International Journal of Creative Research Thoughts, 8 (2).
Bordac, W. E. (2014). ‘Introduction to Media Literacy History’. Journal of Media Literacy Education, 6 (1): 1-2.
Bukovsky, V. Newberry Library. Available at http://newberrylibrary.tumblr.com/post/46957606597/i-myself-create-it-edit-it-censor-it-publish Center for Media Literacy. Available at http://www.medialit.org/
Center for Media Literacy. ‘Basic Framework’. Available at http://www.medialit.org/cmls-basic-framework Center for Media Literacy. ‘Five Key Questions Form Foundation for Media Inquiry’. Available at http://www.medialit.org/reading-room/five-key-questions-form-foundation-media-inquiry
Demas, S. J. (2015). ‘The media can’t surrender to a fact-free presidential race’. MLive.
Available at https://www.mlive.com/opinion/index.ssf/2015/11/fact_check_trump_media_bias.html Edelman (2018). ‘2018 Edelman Trust Barometer’, Available at https://www.edelman.com/trust-barometer Edelman (2018). ‘Edelman Trust Barometer 2018: UK Findings’. Available at https://www.edelman.co.uk/magazine/posts/edelman-trust-barometer-2018/
Factcheck.kz. ‘About project’. Available at https://factcheck.kz/en/about-project/ Factcheck.kz (2017). ‘No Discrimiantion in Women Labour Compensation in Kazakhstan’.
Available at https://factcheck.kz/en/glavnoe/false-no-discrimination-in-women-labour-compensation-in-kazakhstan/ Fedorov, A. (2008). ‘Media Education around the World: A Brief History’. Acta Didactica
Napocensia. Available at http://dppd.ubbcluj.ro/adn/article_1_2_7.pdf
Funke, D., & Mantzarlis, A. (2018). ‘Here’s What to Expect from Fact-Checking in 2010’.
Poynter Institute. Available at https://www.poynter.org/fact-checking/2018/heres-what-to-expect-from-fact-checking-in-2019/ Freberg, K., & Kim, C. M. (2018). ‘Social Media Education: Industry Leader Recommendations for Curriculum and Faculty
Competencies. Journalism & Mass Communication Educator, 73 (4): 379-391.
Holan, A. D. (2016). ‘2016 Lie of the Year: Fake News’. PolitiFact. Available at https://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/article/2016/dec/13/2016-lie-year-fake-news/ Hwang, T. (2018). ‘The Future of the Deepfake — and What It Means for Fact-checkers’.
Poynter Institute. Available at https://www.poynter.org/fact-checking/2018/the-future-of-the-deepfake-and-what-it-means-for- fact-checkers/
Freedom House (2018). Freedom on the Net 2018. Available at https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-net/freedom-net-2018/rise-digital-authoritarianism
Freedom House (2018). Nations in Transit. Available at https://freedomhouse.org/report/nations-transit/2018/Kazakhstan Ibold, H. (2010). ‘Disjuncture 2.0: Youth, Internet Use and Cultural Identity in Bishkek’. Central Asian Survey, 29 (4): 521-535. Jolls, T. (2011). ‘Voices of Media Literacy: International Pioneers Speak: Robyn Quin Interview
Transcript’. Center for Media Literacy. Available at http://www.medialit.org/reading-room/voices-media-literacy-international- pioneers-speak-robyn-quin-interview-transcript
Knight Foundation (2018). ‘Indicators of News Media Trust’. Available at https://knightfoundation.org/reports/indicators-of-news-media-trust
Kumenov, A. (2018). ‘With Media Weak, Online Mischief-makers Run Amok’ EurasiaNet.org. Available at https://eurasianet.org/kazakhstan-with-media-weak-online-mischief-makers-run-amok Kutidze, D. (2018). Interview with E. Freedman in Tbilisi, Republic of Georgia.
Lund University Department of Communication and Media. ‘Media History’. Available at https://www.kom.lu.se/en/education/mediehistoria
Mourão, R. R. & Robertson, C. T. (2019). ‘Fake News as Centrifugal Diversification: A Content Analysis of Sites that Publish False, Misleading, Hyperpartisan and Sensational
Information’. Journalism Studies.
Morganthaler, D. (2010). ‘Voices of Media Literacy: International Pioneers Speak: Cary
Bazalgette Interview Transcript’. Center for Media Literacy. Available at http://www.medialit.org/reading-room/voices-media- literacy-international-pioneers-speak-cary-bazalgette-interview-transcript
Nikolayenko, O. (2015). ‘Youth Media Consumption and Perceptions of Electoral Integrity in Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan.’ Demokratizatsiya, 23 (3): 257-276.
Oeldorf-Hirsch, A., & Srinivasan, P. (2018). ‘News Finds Them and Then What? How Post- Millennials Engage with Social and Mobile Media News’. Paper presented to the Association for Education in Journalism & Mass Communication.
O’Grady, S. (2018). ‘In Cameroon, Journalists Are Being Jailed on Charges of “Fake News’.
Washington Post. Available at https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/in-cameroon-journalists-are-being-jailed-on- charges-of-fake-news/2018/12/15/80bcb5c6-f9ad-11e8-8642-c9718a256cbd_story.html?utm_term=.fefe23811eec
Posetti, J. & Matthews, A. (2018). A Short Guide to the History of ‘Fake News’ and
Misinformation. International Center for Journalists. Available at https://www.icfj.org/sites/default/files/2018-07/A%20 Short%20Guide%20to%20History%20of%20Fake%20News%20and%20Disinformation_ICFJ%20Final.pdf
Shugyla, S., Nassimova, G. & Massalimova, A. (2017). ‘The Kazakhstani Youth’s Engagement in Politics’. Studies of Transition States and Societies, 9 (1): 53-71.
Tamboer, S. L. (2018). ‘”We Are a New Generation”: Early Adolescents’ Views on News and
News Literacy’. Paper presented to the Association for Education in Journalism & Mass Communication. UNESCO (2018). Journalism, ‘Fake News’ and Disinformation: Handbook for Journalism
Education and Training. Available at https://en.unesco.org/fightfakenews
U.S. Department of Justice (2018, 16 February). U.S. vs. Internet Research Agency LLC et al.
Indictment. U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia. Available at https://www.justice.gov/file/1035477/download Wesleyan University. ‘Information Literacy’. Available at
https://www.wesleyan.edu/libr/infoforyou/infolitdefined.html Zhang, W. (2013). ‘Redefining Youth Activism through Digital Technology in Singapore’.
International Communication Gazette, 75 (3): 253-270.
International Center for Journalists. Available at https://ijnet.org/en/story/why-ethical-journalism-matters-newsrooms- and-their-audiences?utm_source=This+week+in+IJNet+-+English&utm_campaign=5342100825-EMAIL_ CAMPAIGN_2018_12_10_02_23&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_d71e0ded42-5342100825-15059405
Balgaonkar, & Jare, R. (2018). ‘Impact of Social Media on Civic Engagement of Youth’. International Journal of Creative Research Thoughts, 8 (2).
Bordac, W. E. (2014). ‘Introduction to Media Literacy History’. Journal of Media Literacy Education, 6 (1): 1-2.
Bukovsky, V. Newberry Library. Available at http://newberrylibrary.tumblr.com/post/46957606597/i-myself-create-it-edit-it-censor-it-publish Center for Media Literacy. Available at http://www.medialit.org/
Center for Media Literacy. ‘Basic Framework’. Available at http://www.medialit.org/cmls-basic-framework Center for Media Literacy. ‘Five Key Questions Form Foundation for Media Inquiry’. Available at http://www.medialit.org/reading-room/five-key-questions-form-foundation-media-inquiry
Demas, S. J. (2015). ‘The media can’t surrender to a fact-free presidential race’. MLive.
Available at https://www.mlive.com/opinion/index.ssf/2015/11/fact_check_trump_media_bias.html Edelman (2018). ‘2018 Edelman Trust Barometer’, Available at https://www.edelman.com/trust-barometer Edelman (2018). ‘Edelman Trust Barometer 2018: UK Findings’. Available at https://www.edelman.co.uk/magazine/posts/edelman-trust-barometer-2018/
Factcheck.kz. ‘About project’. Available at https://factcheck.kz/en/about-project/ Factcheck.kz (2017). ‘No Discrimiantion in Women Labour Compensation in Kazakhstan’.
Available at https://factcheck.kz/en/glavnoe/false-no-discrimination-in-women-labour-compensation-in-kazakhstan/ Fedorov, A. (2008). ‘Media Education around the World: A Brief History’. Acta Didactica
Napocensia. Available at http://dppd.ubbcluj.ro/adn/article_1_2_7.pdf
Funke, D., & Mantzarlis, A. (2018). ‘Here’s What to Expect from Fact-Checking in 2010’.
Poynter Institute. Available at https://www.poynter.org/fact-checking/2018/heres-what-to-expect-from-fact-checking-in-2019/ Freberg, K., & Kim, C. M. (2018). ‘Social Media Education: Industry Leader Recommendations for Curriculum and Faculty
Competencies. Journalism & Mass Communication Educator, 73 (4): 379-391.
Holan, A. D. (2016). ‘2016 Lie of the Year: Fake News’. PolitiFact. Available at https://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/article/2016/dec/13/2016-lie-year-fake-news/ Hwang, T. (2018). ‘The Future of the Deepfake — and What It Means for Fact-checkers’.
Poynter Institute. Available at https://www.poynter.org/fact-checking/2018/the-future-of-the-deepfake-and-what-it-means-for- fact-checkers/
Freedom House (2018). Freedom on the Net 2018. Available at https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-net/freedom-net-2018/rise-digital-authoritarianism
Freedom House (2018). Nations in Transit. Available at https://freedomhouse.org/report/nations-transit/2018/Kazakhstan Ibold, H. (2010). ‘Disjuncture 2.0: Youth, Internet Use and Cultural Identity in Bishkek’. Central Asian Survey, 29 (4): 521-535. Jolls, T. (2011). ‘Voices of Media Literacy: International Pioneers Speak: Robyn Quin Interview
Transcript’. Center for Media Literacy. Available at http://www.medialit.org/reading-room/voices-media-literacy-international- pioneers-speak-robyn-quin-interview-transcript
Knight Foundation (2018). ‘Indicators of News Media Trust’. Available at https://knightfoundation.org/reports/indicators-of-news-media-trust
Kumenov, A. (2018). ‘With Media Weak, Online Mischief-makers Run Amok’ EurasiaNet.org. Available at https://eurasianet.org/kazakhstan-with-media-weak-online-mischief-makers-run-amok Kutidze, D. (2018). Interview with E. Freedman in Tbilisi, Republic of Georgia.
Lund University Department of Communication and Media. ‘Media History’. Available at https://www.kom.lu.se/en/education/mediehistoria
Mourão, R. R. & Robertson, C. T. (2019). ‘Fake News as Centrifugal Diversification: A Content Analysis of Sites that Publish False, Misleading, Hyperpartisan and Sensational
Information’. Journalism Studies.
Morganthaler, D. (2010). ‘Voices of Media Literacy: International Pioneers Speak: Cary
Bazalgette Interview Transcript’. Center for Media Literacy. Available at http://www.medialit.org/reading-room/voices-media- literacy-international-pioneers-speak-cary-bazalgette-interview-transcript
Nikolayenko, O. (2015). ‘Youth Media Consumption and Perceptions of Electoral Integrity in Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan.’ Demokratizatsiya, 23 (3): 257-276.
Oeldorf-Hirsch, A., & Srinivasan, P. (2018). ‘News Finds Them and Then What? How Post- Millennials Engage with Social and Mobile Media News’. Paper presented to the Association for Education in Journalism & Mass Communication.
O’Grady, S. (2018). ‘In Cameroon, Journalists Are Being Jailed on Charges of “Fake News’.
Washington Post. Available at https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/in-cameroon-journalists-are-being-jailed-on- charges-of-fake-news/2018/12/15/80bcb5c6-f9ad-11e8-8642-c9718a256cbd_story.html?utm_term=.fefe23811eec
Posetti, J. & Matthews, A. (2018). A Short Guide to the History of ‘Fake News’ and
Misinformation. International Center for Journalists. Available at https://www.icfj.org/sites/default/files/2018-07/A%20 Short%20Guide%20to%20History%20of%20Fake%20News%20and%20Disinformation_ICFJ%20Final.pdf
Shugyla, S., Nassimova, G. & Massalimova, A. (2017). ‘The Kazakhstani Youth’s Engagement in Politics’. Studies of Transition States and Societies, 9 (1): 53-71.
Tamboer, S. L. (2018). ‘”We Are a New Generation”: Early Adolescents’ Views on News and
News Literacy’. Paper presented to the Association for Education in Journalism & Mass Communication. UNESCO (2018). Journalism, ‘Fake News’ and Disinformation: Handbook for Journalism
Education and Training. Available at https://en.unesco.org/fightfakenews
U.S. Department of Justice (2018, 16 February). U.S. vs. Internet Research Agency LLC et al.
Indictment. U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia. Available at https://www.justice.gov/file/1035477/download Wesleyan University. ‘Information Literacy’. Available at
https://www.wesleyan.edu/libr/infoforyou/infolitdefined.html Zhang, W. (2013). ‘Redefining Youth Activism through Digital Technology in Singapore’.
International Communication Gazette, 75 (3): 253-270.
Downloads
How to Cite
Э., Ф. (2020). Media literacy and fact checking: part two. Herald of Journalism, 55(1), 4–12. https://doi.org/10.26577/HJ.2020.v55.i1.01
Issue
Section
Journalism: Society. Language. History. Policy. Law. Economy.
