Қазақстанда ұлттық қауіпсіздік сертификатын орнату интернет кеңістігінің ережелері бойынша жаңа әлеуметтік медиа пікірталастарын қалай тудырды
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.26577/HJ.2021.v61.i3.01Аннотация
2019 жылы Қазақстан үкіметі ұлттық қауіпсіздік сертификатын орнатуды ел ішінде енгізуге тырысты. Мұндай сертификатты енгізу азаматтардың, мемлекеттік органдардың, жеке компаниялардың интернет -алаяқтардың әрекеттерінен және киберқауіптердің басқа түрлерінен киберқауіпсіздікті күшейту қажеттілігімен түсіндірілді. Алайда, азаматтар жергілікті және халықаралық сарапшылармен бірге бұл шешімге қарсы пікірлерін білдіріп, оны толық құптамады. Ұлттық қауіпсіздік сертификатын алуға қатысты сындар азаматтар мен компаниялардың жеке мәліметтерінің құқықтарын бұзудан бастап, құпия жеке ақпаратқа мемлекеттік аппараттың шпиондық әрекетіне қатысты болды. Мақаланың тақырыбы бұқаралық ақпарат құралдары мен БАҚ құқығы мәселесіне қатысты. Құрылымдық тұрғыда бұл мақалада алдымен ұлттық қауіпсіздік сертификаты қалай енгізілгені және Қазақстанда қалай пайда болғандығы сипатталған. Содан кейін қағазға ұлттық қауіпсіздік сертификатын енгізудің пайдасына немесе қарсы әр түрлі себептері мен дәлелдері талданады. Мұнда мемлекеттік министрліктер, Kcell және Activ ұялы байланыс операторлары, қарапайым азаматтар немесе Досым Сәтбаев сияқты жергілікті сарапшылар сияқты әр түрлі мүдделі тараптардың көзқарастары қаралды. Ақырында, Қазақстанда ұлттық қауіпсіздік сертификатын әзірлеу бойынша қазіргі және болашақ көзқарастардың толық талдауы талқыланады. Дискурстық талдау әдісі ақпараттың екінші көздері бар зерттеу әдісі ретінде қолданылады. Бұл қысқа, бірақ мазмұнды мақаланың мақсаты-қоғам мен мемлекет арасындағы кибермектегі ұлттық саясатқа қатысты мәселелердің дамуы мен өзара байланысын көрсету. Бұл жұмыстың маңыздылығы - ол журналистерге немесе мемлекеттік саясат саласында оқитын жаңа отандық мәселелерді анықтауда ғалымдарға көмектесуі керек. Қорытындылай келе, бұл жұмыстың нәтижелері мен талқылаулары бізге ұлттық саясат пен оның қауіпсіздік сертификаты жобасының киберкеңістік аспектілеріне қатысты қоғамдық наразылықты да, жаңа әлеуметтік қозғалыстарды да, сонымен қатар тестілеудегі пилоттық жобалар үшін жаңа сынақ алаңын құрудың практикалық және теориялық маңыздылығын көрсетті. адамдардың киберкеңістік туралы жаңа ережелерді қабылдауға дайындығы.
Кілт сөздер: қауіпсіздік сертификаты, интернетті бұғаттау, ұялы байланыс операторлары, адам құқықтары
Библиографиялық сілтемелер
- Aben, D. & . Makhanov, K. (2019). Ensuring Cybersecurity in Kazakhstan: Problems and Solutions. Eurasian Research Institute. URL: https://eurasian-research.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/Weekly-e-bulletin-22-04-2019-28-04-2019-No-208.pdf
- De Haas, M. (2015). Kazakhstan’s security policy: steady as she goes?. The Journal of Slavic Military Studies, 28(4), 621-645.
- Gussarova, A. (2020). Kazakhstan Adapting to the Cyber Space. Marshall Center Organization. URL: https://www.marshallcenter.org/sites/default/files/files/2020-09/pC_V7N2_en-2_Gussarova.pdf
- Shahbaz, A. & Funk, A. (2019). Freedom on the Net. The Crisis of Social Media. / Freedom House Organization. - November 04, 2019. - URL: https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/2019-11/11042019_Report_FH_FOTN_2019_final_Public_Download.pdf
- Symbat, I. & Yesseniyazova, B.M. (2019). Cyber Security Issues in Digital Kazakhstan. NISPA Organization. URL: https://www.nispa.org/files/conferences/2019/e-proceedings/system_files/papers/cyber-security-issues-issabaeva.pdf
Электронные ресурсы:
Bne IntelliNews. (2019). Google, Mozilla and Apple block Kazakhstan “trust” certificate that spies on citizens’ internet use. (2019, August 23). URL: https://www.intellinews.com/google-mozilla-and-apple-block-kazakhstan-trust-certificate-that-spies-on-citizens-internet-use-166588/
Байтукенов Т. (2018). Бес комментариев. (2018, февраль 21). Режим доступа: https://time.kz/articles/tulegennaya-inzheneriya/2018/02/21/bes-kommentariev
Гиперборей (2019). Досым Сатпаев про митинги, Аблязова и транзит власти. (2019, aвгуст 29). Режим доступа: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=keaom9QJUp8
Ким С. (2019). Президент Токаев: тестирование сертификата безопасности проводилось по моему поручению. (2019, aвгуст 07). Режим доступа: https://factcheck.kz/dajdzhest/prezident-tokaev-testirovanie-sertifikata-bezopasnosti-provodilos-po-moemu-porucheniyu/
Курсив. (2019b). Жители Нур-Султана негативно восприняли сообщение от сотовых операторов. (2019, июль 19). Режим доступа: https://kursiv.kz/news/obschestvo/2019-07/zhiteli-nur-sultana-negativno-vosprinyali-soobschenie-ot-sotovykh
Курсив. (2019а). Эксперт прокомментировал внедрение сертификата безопасности. (2019, июль 19). Режим доступа: https://kursiv.kz/news/obschestvo/2019-07/ekspert-prokommentiroval-vnedrenie-sertifikata-bezopasnosti
Радио Азаттык. (2019). Токаев заявил, что сертификат Qaznet вводил КНБ по его поручению. (2019, август 07). Режим доступа: https://rus.azattyq.org/a/30096331.html
Рамазанов О. (2019). На Tele2, Beeline и Kcell подали в суд из-за сертификата безопасности. (2019, август 06). Режим доступа: https://tengrinews.kz/internet/tele2-beeline-kcell-podali-sud-iz-za-sertifikata-375763/
24 Хабар. Зачем нужен сертификат безопасности, рассказал Аскар Жумагалиев. (2019, июль 23). Режим доступа: https://24.kz/ru/news/social/item/329888-zachem-nuzhen-sertifikat-bezopasnosti-rasskazal-askar-zhumagaliev
CABAR (2019). Kazakhstan: Google and Mozilla will block national security certificate. (2019, August 22). URL: https://cabar.asia/en/kazakhstan-google-and-mozilla-will-block-national-security-certificate
Freedom House Organization (2019). Social media are a growing conduit for electoral manipulation and mass surveillance. (2019, November 04). URL: https://freedomhouse.org/article/social-media-are-growing-conduit-electoral-manipulation-and-mass-surveillance
Netblocks Organization. (n.d.). Netblocks Organization, Cost of Shutdown Tool (COST). URL: https://netblocks.org/cost/
Netblocks Organization (2019). Social media blocked in Kazakhstan on Victory Day. (2019, May 09). URL: https://netblocks.org/reports/social-media-blocked-in-kazakhstan-on-victory-day-eBOg47BZ
Plakhina, Y. (2019). Kazakhstan pauses interception of encrypted traffic, but for how long? (2019, August 30). - URL: https://advox.globalvoices.org/2019/08/30/kazakhstan-pauses-interception-of-encrypted-traffic-but-for-how-long/
Woollacott, E. (2019). Rising levels of cybercrime renews focus on cybersecurity in Central Asia. (2019, September 17). URL: https://portswigger.net/daily-swig/rising-levels-of-cybercrime-renews-focus-on-cybersecurity-in-central-asia
- Шамсутдинов Э. (2019). Национальный сертификат безопасности как очередная "попытка контролировать интернет". Что не так? (2019, июль 23). Режим доступа: https://informburo.kz/stati/nacionalnyy-sertifikat-bezopasnosti-kak-ocherednaya-popytka-kontrolirovat-internet-chto-ne-tak-.html
References
- Aben, D. & . Makhanov, K. (2019). Ensuring Cybersecurity in Kazakhstan: Problems and Solutions. Eurasian Research Institute. URL: https://eurasian-research.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/Weekly-e-bulletin-22-04-2019-28-04-2019-No-208.pdf
- De Haas, M. (2015). Kazakhstan’s security policy: steady as she goes?. The Journal of Slavic Military Studies, 28(4), 621-645.
- Gussarova, A. (2020). Kazakhstan Adapting to the Cyber Space. Marshall Center Organization. URL: https://www.marshallcenter.org/sites/default/files/files/2020-09/pC_V7N2_en-2_Gussarova.pdf
- Shahbaz, A. & Funk, A. (2019). Freedom on the Net. The Crisis of Social Media. / Freedom House Organization. - November 04, 2019. - URL: https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/2019-11/11042019_Report_FH_FOTN_2019_final_Public_Download.pdf
- Symbat, I. & Yesseniyazova, B.M. (2019). Cyber Security Issues in Digital Kazakhstan. NISPA Organization. URL: https://www.nispa.org/files/conferences/2019/e-proceedings/system_files/papers/cyber-security-issues-issabaeva.pdf
Electronic resources
- Bne IntelliNews. (2019). Google, Mozilla and Apple block Kazakhstan “trust” certificate that spies on citizens’ internet use. (2019, August 23). URL: https://www.intellinews.com/google-mozilla-and-apple-block-kazakhstan-trust-certificate-that-spies-on-citizens-internet-use-166588/
- Baytukenov, T. (2018). Bes kommentariyev. [No comments.]. (2018, February 21). URL: https://time.kz/articles/tulegennaya-inzheneriya/2018/02/21/bes-kommentariev
- Giperborey. (2019). Dossym Satpayev pro mitingi, Ablyazova i tranzit vlasti - GIPERBOREY. Vypusk #1. [Dosym Satpayev is talking about meetings, Ablyazov, and power transit – Giperborey. Issue #1]. (2019, August 29). URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=keaom9QJUp8
- Kim, S. (2019). Prezident Tokayev: testirovaniye sertifikata bezopasnosti provodilos' po moyemu porucheniyu. [President Tokayev: testing of the safety certificate was carried out on my behalf.] (2019, August 07). URL: https://factcheck.kz/dajdzhest/prezident-tokaev-testirovanie-sertifikata-bezopasnosti-provodilos-po-moemu-porucheniyu/
- Kursiv.kz. (2019b). Zhiteli Nur-Sultana negativno vosprinyali soobshcheniye ot sotovykh operatorov. [Residents of Nur-Sultan negatively perceived the message from mobile operators.] (2019, July 19). URL: https://kursiv.kz/news/obschestvo/2019-07/zhiteli-nur-sultana-negativno-vosprinyali-soobschenie-ot-sotovykh
- Kursiv.kz. (2019a). Ekspert prokommentiroval vnedreniye sertifikata bezopasnosti. [The expert commented on the implementation of the security certificate.] (2019, July 19). URL: https://kursiv.kz/news/obschestvo/2019-07/ekspert-prokommentiroval-vnedrenie-sertifikata-bezopasnosti
- Radio Azattyq. (2019). Tokayev zayavil, chto sertifikat Qaznet vvodil KNB po yego porucheniyu. [Tokayev said that the Qaznet certificate was introduced by the KNB on his behalf.] (2019, August 07). URL: https://rus.azattyq.org/a/30096331.html
- Ramazanov, O. (2019). Na Tele2, Beeline i Kcell podali v sud iz-za sertifikata bezopasnosti. [Tele2, Beeline and Kcell sued over security certificate.] (2019, August 06). URL: https://tengrinews.kz/internet/tele2-beeline-kcell-podali-sud-iz-za-sertifikata-375763/
- 24kz. (2019). Zachem nuzhen sertifikat bezopasnosti, rasskazal Askar Zhumagaliyev. [Askar Zhumagaliyev talked about the necessity of the security certificate.] Khabar 24 News, 23 July 2019. URL: https://24.kz/ru/news/social/item/329888-zachem-nuzhen-sertifikat-bezopasnosti-rasskazal-askar-zhumagaliev
- CABAR (2019). Kazakhstan: Google and Mozilla will block national security certificate. (2019, August 22). URL: https://cabar.asia/en/kazakhstan-google-and-mozilla-will-block-national-security-certificate
- Freedom House. (2019). Social media are a growing conduit for electoral manipulation and mass surveillance. (2019, November 04). URL: https://freedomhouse.org/article/social-media-are-growing-conduit-electoral-manipulation-and-mass-surveillance
- Netblocks. (n.d.). Netblocks Organization, Cost of Shutdown Tool (COST). URL: https://netblocks.org/cost/
- Netblocks. (2019). Social media blocked in Kazakhstan on Victory Day. (2019, May 09). URL: https://netblocks.org/reports/social-media-blocked-in-kazakhstan-on-victory-day-eBOg47BZ
- Plakhina, Y. (2019). Kazakhstan pauses interception of encrypted traffic, but for how long? (2019, August 30) URL: https://advox.globalvoices.org/2019/08/30/kazakhstan-pauses-interception-of-encrypted-traffic-but-for-how-long/
- Woollacott, E. (2019). Rising levels of cybercrime renews focus on cybersecurity in Central Asia. (2019, September 17). URL: https://portswigger.net/daily-swig/rising-levels-of-cybercrime-renews-focus-on-cybersecurity-in-central-asi
- Shamsutdinov, E. (2019). Nacional'nyj sertifikat bezopasnosti kak ocherednaja "popytka kontrolirovat' internet". Chto ne tak? [National security certificate as another "attempt to control the Internet." What's wrong?] (2019, July 23). URL: https://informburo.kz/stati/nacionalnyy-sertifikat-bezopasnosti-kak-ocherednaya-popytka-kontrolirovat-internet-chto-ne-tak-.html
- De Haas, M. (2015). Kazakhstan’s security policy: steady as she goes?. The Journal of Slavic Military Studies, 28(4), 621-645.
- Gussarova, A. (2020). Kazakhstan Adapting to the Cyber Space. Marshall Center Organization. URL: https://www.marshallcenter.org/sites/default/files/files/2020-09/pC_V7N2_en-2_Gussarova.pdf
- Shahbaz, A. & Funk, A. (2019). Freedom on the Net. The Crisis of Social Media. / Freedom House Organization. - November 04, 2019. - URL: https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/2019-11/11042019_Report_FH_FOTN_2019_final_Public_Download.pdf
- Symbat, I. & Yesseniyazova, B.M. (2019). Cyber Security Issues in Digital Kazakhstan. NISPA Organization. URL: https://www.nispa.org/files/conferences/2019/e-proceedings/system_files/papers/cyber-security-issues-issabaeva.pdf
Электронные ресурсы:
Bne IntelliNews. (2019). Google, Mozilla and Apple block Kazakhstan “trust” certificate that spies on citizens’ internet use. (2019, August 23). URL: https://www.intellinews.com/google-mozilla-and-apple-block-kazakhstan-trust-certificate-that-spies-on-citizens-internet-use-166588/
Байтукенов Т. (2018). Бес комментариев. (2018, февраль 21). Режим доступа: https://time.kz/articles/tulegennaya-inzheneriya/2018/02/21/bes-kommentariev
Гиперборей (2019). Досым Сатпаев про митинги, Аблязова и транзит власти. (2019, aвгуст 29). Режим доступа: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=keaom9QJUp8
Ким С. (2019). Президент Токаев: тестирование сертификата безопасности проводилось по моему поручению. (2019, aвгуст 07). Режим доступа: https://factcheck.kz/dajdzhest/prezident-tokaev-testirovanie-sertifikata-bezopasnosti-provodilos-po-moemu-porucheniyu/
Курсив. (2019b). Жители Нур-Султана негативно восприняли сообщение от сотовых операторов. (2019, июль 19). Режим доступа: https://kursiv.kz/news/obschestvo/2019-07/zhiteli-nur-sultana-negativno-vosprinyali-soobschenie-ot-sotovykh
Курсив. (2019а). Эксперт прокомментировал внедрение сертификата безопасности. (2019, июль 19). Режим доступа: https://kursiv.kz/news/obschestvo/2019-07/ekspert-prokommentiroval-vnedrenie-sertifikata-bezopasnosti
Радио Азаттык. (2019). Токаев заявил, что сертификат Qaznet вводил КНБ по его поручению. (2019, август 07). Режим доступа: https://rus.azattyq.org/a/30096331.html
Рамазанов О. (2019). На Tele2, Beeline и Kcell подали в суд из-за сертификата безопасности. (2019, август 06). Режим доступа: https://tengrinews.kz/internet/tele2-beeline-kcell-podali-sud-iz-za-sertifikata-375763/
24 Хабар. Зачем нужен сертификат безопасности, рассказал Аскар Жумагалиев. (2019, июль 23). Режим доступа: https://24.kz/ru/news/social/item/329888-zachem-nuzhen-sertifikat-bezopasnosti-rasskazal-askar-zhumagaliev
CABAR (2019). Kazakhstan: Google and Mozilla will block national security certificate. (2019, August 22). URL: https://cabar.asia/en/kazakhstan-google-and-mozilla-will-block-national-security-certificate
Freedom House Organization (2019). Social media are a growing conduit for electoral manipulation and mass surveillance. (2019, November 04). URL: https://freedomhouse.org/article/social-media-are-growing-conduit-electoral-manipulation-and-mass-surveillance
Netblocks Organization. (n.d.). Netblocks Organization, Cost of Shutdown Tool (COST). URL: https://netblocks.org/cost/
Netblocks Organization (2019). Social media blocked in Kazakhstan on Victory Day. (2019, May 09). URL: https://netblocks.org/reports/social-media-blocked-in-kazakhstan-on-victory-day-eBOg47BZ
Plakhina, Y. (2019). Kazakhstan pauses interception of encrypted traffic, but for how long? (2019, August 30). - URL: https://advox.globalvoices.org/2019/08/30/kazakhstan-pauses-interception-of-encrypted-traffic-but-for-how-long/
Woollacott, E. (2019). Rising levels of cybercrime renews focus on cybersecurity in Central Asia. (2019, September 17). URL: https://portswigger.net/daily-swig/rising-levels-of-cybercrime-renews-focus-on-cybersecurity-in-central-asia
- Шамсутдинов Э. (2019). Национальный сертификат безопасности как очередная "попытка контролировать интернет". Что не так? (2019, июль 23). Режим доступа: https://informburo.kz/stati/nacionalnyy-sertifikat-bezopasnosti-kak-ocherednaya-popytka-kontrolirovat-internet-chto-ne-tak-.html
References
- Aben, D. & . Makhanov, K. (2019). Ensuring Cybersecurity in Kazakhstan: Problems and Solutions. Eurasian Research Institute. URL: https://eurasian-research.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/Weekly-e-bulletin-22-04-2019-28-04-2019-No-208.pdf
- De Haas, M. (2015). Kazakhstan’s security policy: steady as she goes?. The Journal of Slavic Military Studies, 28(4), 621-645.
- Gussarova, A. (2020). Kazakhstan Adapting to the Cyber Space. Marshall Center Organization. URL: https://www.marshallcenter.org/sites/default/files/files/2020-09/pC_V7N2_en-2_Gussarova.pdf
- Shahbaz, A. & Funk, A. (2019). Freedom on the Net. The Crisis of Social Media. / Freedom House Organization. - November 04, 2019. - URL: https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/2019-11/11042019_Report_FH_FOTN_2019_final_Public_Download.pdf
- Symbat, I. & Yesseniyazova, B.M. (2019). Cyber Security Issues in Digital Kazakhstan. NISPA Organization. URL: https://www.nispa.org/files/conferences/2019/e-proceedings/system_files/papers/cyber-security-issues-issabaeva.pdf
Electronic resources
- Bne IntelliNews. (2019). Google, Mozilla and Apple block Kazakhstan “trust” certificate that spies on citizens’ internet use. (2019, August 23). URL: https://www.intellinews.com/google-mozilla-and-apple-block-kazakhstan-trust-certificate-that-spies-on-citizens-internet-use-166588/
- Baytukenov, T. (2018). Bes kommentariyev. [No comments.]. (2018, February 21). URL: https://time.kz/articles/tulegennaya-inzheneriya/2018/02/21/bes-kommentariev
- Giperborey. (2019). Dossym Satpayev pro mitingi, Ablyazova i tranzit vlasti - GIPERBOREY. Vypusk #1. [Dosym Satpayev is talking about meetings, Ablyazov, and power transit – Giperborey. Issue #1]. (2019, August 29). URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=keaom9QJUp8
- Kim, S. (2019). Prezident Tokayev: testirovaniye sertifikata bezopasnosti provodilos' po moyemu porucheniyu. [President Tokayev: testing of the safety certificate was carried out on my behalf.] (2019, August 07). URL: https://factcheck.kz/dajdzhest/prezident-tokaev-testirovanie-sertifikata-bezopasnosti-provodilos-po-moemu-porucheniyu/
- Kursiv.kz. (2019b). Zhiteli Nur-Sultana negativno vosprinyali soobshcheniye ot sotovykh operatorov. [Residents of Nur-Sultan negatively perceived the message from mobile operators.] (2019, July 19). URL: https://kursiv.kz/news/obschestvo/2019-07/zhiteli-nur-sultana-negativno-vosprinyali-soobschenie-ot-sotovykh
- Kursiv.kz. (2019a). Ekspert prokommentiroval vnedreniye sertifikata bezopasnosti. [The expert commented on the implementation of the security certificate.] (2019, July 19). URL: https://kursiv.kz/news/obschestvo/2019-07/ekspert-prokommentiroval-vnedrenie-sertifikata-bezopasnosti
- Radio Azattyq. (2019). Tokayev zayavil, chto sertifikat Qaznet vvodil KNB po yego porucheniyu. [Tokayev said that the Qaznet certificate was introduced by the KNB on his behalf.] (2019, August 07). URL: https://rus.azattyq.org/a/30096331.html
- Ramazanov, O. (2019). Na Tele2, Beeline i Kcell podali v sud iz-za sertifikata bezopasnosti. [Tele2, Beeline and Kcell sued over security certificate.] (2019, August 06). URL: https://tengrinews.kz/internet/tele2-beeline-kcell-podali-sud-iz-za-sertifikata-375763/
- 24kz. (2019). Zachem nuzhen sertifikat bezopasnosti, rasskazal Askar Zhumagaliyev. [Askar Zhumagaliyev talked about the necessity of the security certificate.] Khabar 24 News, 23 July 2019. URL: https://24.kz/ru/news/social/item/329888-zachem-nuzhen-sertifikat-bezopasnosti-rasskazal-askar-zhumagaliev
- CABAR (2019). Kazakhstan: Google and Mozilla will block national security certificate. (2019, August 22). URL: https://cabar.asia/en/kazakhstan-google-and-mozilla-will-block-national-security-certificate
- Freedom House. (2019). Social media are a growing conduit for electoral manipulation and mass surveillance. (2019, November 04). URL: https://freedomhouse.org/article/social-media-are-growing-conduit-electoral-manipulation-and-mass-surveillance
- Netblocks. (n.d.). Netblocks Organization, Cost of Shutdown Tool (COST). URL: https://netblocks.org/cost/
- Netblocks. (2019). Social media blocked in Kazakhstan on Victory Day. (2019, May 09). URL: https://netblocks.org/reports/social-media-blocked-in-kazakhstan-on-victory-day-eBOg47BZ
- Plakhina, Y. (2019). Kazakhstan pauses interception of encrypted traffic, but for how long? (2019, August 30) URL: https://advox.globalvoices.org/2019/08/30/kazakhstan-pauses-interception-of-encrypted-traffic-but-for-how-long/
- Woollacott, E. (2019). Rising levels of cybercrime renews focus on cybersecurity in Central Asia. (2019, September 17). URL: https://portswigger.net/daily-swig/rising-levels-of-cybercrime-renews-focus-on-cybersecurity-in-central-asi
- Shamsutdinov, E. (2019). Nacional'nyj sertifikat bezopasnosti kak ocherednaja "popytka kontrolirovat' internet". Chto ne tak? [National security certificate as another "attempt to control the Internet." What's wrong?] (2019, July 23). URL: https://informburo.kz/stati/nacionalnyy-sertifikat-bezopasnosti-kak-ocherednaya-popytka-kontrolirovat-internet-chto-ne-tak-.html
Жүктелулер
Жарияланды
2021-09-28
Шығарылым
Бөлім
Журналистика: Қоғам. Тарих. Саясат. Заң. Экономика.
